» Pharmaceutical Industry in Transition
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compliance in the pharmaceutical industry.
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The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System
Source: www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu
Topic: Pharmaceutical Industry
Sort Desciption: computers and software, the pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated by ... since 1990 the patent-driven pharmaceutical industry grew twice as fast as ...
Content Inside: 1 The Pharmaceutical Industry and the Patent System Bruce Lehman 1 President, International Intellectual Property Institute 1 © 2003 2 Executive Summary Patents are exclusive property rights in intangible creations of the human mind. They exist only as provided in the laws of sovereign states, and can be enforced only to the extent that application has been made and a patent granted covering the territory of an individual state. Patent rights are limited in duration, with the global standard being 20 years from the date of application. The new product, article of manufacture or process described in the patent application must be something that has never been previously disclosed anywhere in the world and something that would not be obvious to a person ordinarily skilled in the field involved. Determinations of whether these requirements have been met are made by comparing the claims of the patent applicant against the body of published literature in the field, including previously issued patents. This process is called examination, and it assures that no one is able to claim patent rights on anything that already is existence. Patents work differently indifferent industries. In the electronic industry patents are often shared among competitors through pooling or cross licensing. This sharing is necessary because a given product often contains many patented technologies. However, in the pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechnology industries the patent normally equals the product, and protects the extensive investment in research and clinical testing required before placing it on the market. Patent protection for chemical and pharmaceutical products is especially important compared with other industries because the actual manufacturing process is often easy to replicate and can be copied with a fraction of the investment of that required for the research and clinical testing. The extensive cost required to produce a new pharmaceutical product has meant t ...
ukraine pharmaceutical product patent, this sharing is necessary because a given product
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